List of Dances in India

Dance Name	Type of Dance	State or region
Bagurumba	folk dance	Assam
Bardo Cham	folk dance	Arunachal Pradesh
Bhangra	folk dance	Punjab
Bharatnatyam	Classic	Tamilnadu
Bihu dance	folk dance	Assam
Dandia	folk dance	Gujarat
Garba	folk dance	Gujarat
Giddha	folk dance	North India
Kathak	classic	Uttar Pradesh
Kathakali	classic	Kerala
Krishnanattam	dance drama	Kerala
Kuchipudi	classical	Andhra Pradesh
Odissi aka Orissi	classical	Odisha
Panthi	folk dance	Chattisgarh
Raut Nacha	folk dance	Chattisgarh
Yakshagana	dance drama	Tamilnadu

List of Constitutional ammendments in India

	Date of Enforcement	Objectives
1st amendment	18-Jun-51	To fully secure the constitutional validity of zamindari abolition laws.
		To place reasonable restriction on freedom of speech.
		A new constitutional device, called Schedule 9 introduced to protect laws that are contrary to the Constitutionally guaranteed fundamental rights.
		These laws encroach upon property rights, freedom of speech and equality before law
2nd amendment	1-May-53	A technical amendment to fix the size of each parliamentary constituency between 650,000 and 850,000 voters.
3rd amendment	22-Feb-55	Limits maximum no of seats in lok Sabha up to 500
		States to be divided into constituencies such that one member of a constituency represents between 500000 and 750000 people
4th amendment	27-Apr-55	Restrictions on property rights and inclusion of related bills in Schedule 9 of the constitution
5th amendment	24-Dec-55	Provides for a consultation mechanism with concerned states in matters relating to the amendments to the territorial matters and in the re-naming of the state
6th amendment	11-Sep-56	Amended the Union and State Lists with respect to raising of taxes
7th amendment	1-Nov-56	Reorganization of states on linguistic lines
		Abolition of Class A, B, C, D states
		Introduction of Union Territories
8th amendment	5-Jan-60	Clarify state's power of compulsory acquisition and requisitioning of private property
		Include Zamindari abolition laws in Schedule 9 of the constitution
9th amendment	28-Dec-60	Minor adjustments to territory of Indian Union consequent to agreement with Pakistan for settlement of disputes by demarcation of border villages, etc.
10th amendment	11-Aug-61	Incorporation of Dadra, Nagar and Haveli as a Union Territory after acquisition from Portugal
11th amendment	19-Dec-61	Election of Vice President by Electoral College consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament, instead of election by a Joint Sitting of Parliament.
		Indemnify the President and Vice President Election procedure from challenge on grounds of existence of any vacancies in the electoral college
12th amendment	20-Dec-61	Incorporation of Goa, Daman and Diu as a Union Territory, after acquisition from Portugal
13th amendment	1-Dec-63	Formation of State of Nagaland, with special protection under Article 371A
14th amendment	28-Dec-62	Incorporation of Pondicherry into the Union of India
		Creation of Legislative Assemblies for Himachal Pradesh, Tripura, Manipur and Goa
15th amendment	5-Oct-63	Raise retirement age of judges from 60 to 62
		Other minor amendments for rationalizing interpretation of rules regarding judges etc.
16th amendment	5-Oct-63	Make it obligatory for seekers of public office to swear their allegiance to the Indian Republic and prescribe the various obligatory templates
17th amendment	20-Jun-64	To secure the constitutional validity of acquisition of Estates and place land acquisition laws in Schedule 9 of the constitution
18th amendment	27-Aug-66	Technical Amendment to include Union Territories in Article 3 and hence permit reorganisation of Union Territories
19th amendment	11-Dec-66	Abolish Election Tribunals and enable trial of election petitions by regular High Courts
20th amendment	22-Dec-66	Indemnify & validate judgments, decrees, orders and sentences passed by judges.
		Validate the appointment, posting, promotion and transfer of judges except those not eligible for appointment under article 233.
		Amendment was needed to overcome the effect of judgement invalidating appointments of certain judges in the state of Uttar Pradesh
21th amendment	10-Apr-67	Included Sindhi as a National Language
22nd amendment	25-Sep-69	Provision to form Autonomous states within the State of Assam
23rd amendment	23-Jan-70	Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 1980
24th amendment	5-Nov-71	Enable parliament to dilute fundamental rights through amendments to the constitution
25th amendment	20-Apr-72	Restrict property rights and compensation in case the state takes over private property
26th amendment	28-Dec-71	Abolition of privy purse paid to former rulers of princely states which were incorporated into the Indian Republic
27th amendment	15-Feb-72	Reorganization of Mizoram into a Union Territory with a legislature and council of ministers
28th amendment	29-Aug-72	Rationalized Civil Service rules to make it uniform across those appointed prior to Independence and post independence
29th amendment	9-Jun-72	Places land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution
30th amendment	27-Feb-73	Changes the basis for appeals in Supreme Court of India in case of Civil Suits from value criteria to one involving substantial question of law
31th amendment	17-Oct-73	Increased size of Parliament from 525 to 545 seats.
		Increased seats went to the new states formed in North East India and minor adjustment consequent to 1971 Delimitation exercise
32nd amendment	1-Jul-74	Protection of regional rights in Telangana and Andhra regions of State of Andhra Pradesh
33rd amendment	19-May-74	Prescribes procedure for resignation by members of parliament and state legislatures
		Prescribes procedure for verification and acceptance of resignation by house speaker
34th amendment	7-Sep-74	Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution
35th amendment	1-Mar-75	Terms and Conditions for the Incorporation of Sikkim into the Union of India
36th amendment	26-Apr-75	Formation of Sikkim as a State within the Indian Union
37th amendment	3-May-75	Formation of Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly
38th amendment	1-Aug-75	Enhances the powers of President and Governors to pass ordinances
39th amendment	10-Aug-75	Negated the judgement of Allahabad High Court invalidating Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's election to parliament.
		Amendment placed restrictions on judicial scrutiny of post of Prime Minister
40th amendment	27-May-76	Enable Parliament to make laws with respect to Exclusive Economic Zone and vest the mineral wealth with Union of India.
		Place land reform & other acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution
41th amendment	7-Sep-76	Raised Retirement Age Limit of Chairmen and Members of Union and State Public Commissions from sixty to sixty two.
42nd amendment	1-Apr-77	Amendment passed during internal emergency by Indira Gandhi.
		Provides for curtailment of fundamental rights, imposes fundamental duties and changes to the basic structure of the constitution by making India a "Socialist Secular" Republic
43rd amendment	13-Apr-78	Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country.
		Repeals some of the more 'Anti-Freedom' amendments enacted through Amendment Bill 42
44th amendment	6-Sep-79	Amendment passed after revocation of internal emergency in the Country.
		Provides for human rights safeguards and mechanisms to prevent abuse of executive and legislative authority.
		Annuls some Amendments enacted in Amendment Bill 42
45th amendment	25-Jan-80	Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 1990
46th amendment	2-Feb-83	Amendment to negate judicial pronouncements on scope and applicability on Sales Tax
47th amendment	26-Aug-84	Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution
48th amendment	1-Apr-85	Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to two years in the state of Punjab
49th amendment	11-Sep-84	Recognize Tripura as a Tribal State and enable the creation of a Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council
50th amendment	11-Sep-84	Technical Amendment to curtailment of Fundamental Rights as per Part III as prescribed in Article 33 to cover Security Personnel protecting property and communication infrastructure
51th amendment	16-Jun-86	Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies
52nd amendment	1-Mar-85	Anti Defection Law - Provide disqualification of members from parliament and assembly in case of defection from one party to other
53rd amendment	20-Feb-87	Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram.
54th amendment	1-Apr-86	Increase the salary of Chief Justice of India & other Judges
		Provisions for determining future increases without the need for constitutional amendment
55th amendment	20-Feb-87	Special powers to Governor consequent to formation of state of Arunachal Pradesh
56th amendment	30-May-87	Transition provision to enable formation of state of Goa
57th amendment	21-Sep-87	Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Nagaland, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assemblies
58th amendment	9-Dec-87	Provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of constitution
		Provision to publish authentic Hindi translation of future amendments
59th amendment	30-Mar-88	Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years in the state of Punjab
		Articles 352 and Article 359A amended to permit imposing emergency in state of Punjab or in specific districts of the state of Punjab
60th amendment	20-Dec-88	Professional Tax increased from a maximum of Rs. 250/- to a maximum of Rs. 2500/-
61th amendment	28-Mar-89	Reduce age for voting rights from 21 to 18
62nd amendment	20-Dec-89	Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2000
63rd amendment	6-Jan-90	Emergency powers applicable to State of Punjab, accorded in Article 359A as per amendment 59 repealed
64th amendment	16-Apr-90	Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to three years and six months in the state of Punjab
65th amendment	12-Mar-92	National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes formed and its statutory powers specified in The Constitution.
66th amendment	7-Jun-90	Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution
67th amendment	4-Oct-90	Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to four years in the state of Punjab
68th amendment	12-Mar-91	Article 356 amended to permit President's rule up to five years in the state of Punjab
69th amendment	1-Feb-92	To provide for a legislative assembly and council of ministers for Federal National Capital of Delhi. Delhi continues to be a Union Territory
70th amendment	21-Dec-91	Include National Capital of Delhi and Union Territory of Pondicherry in electoral college for Presidential Election
71th amendment	31-Aug-92	Include Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali as National Languages
72nd amendment	5-Dec-92	Provide reservation to Scheduled Tribes in Tripura State Legislative Assembly
73rd amendment	24-Apr-93	Statutory provisions for Panchayat Raj as third level of administration in villages
74th amendment	1-Jun-93	Statutory provisions for Local Administrative bodies as third level of administration in urban areas such as towns and cities
75th amendment	15-May-94	Provisions for setting up Rent Control Tribunals
76th amendment	31-Aug-94	Enable continuance of 69% reservation in Tamil Nadu by including the relevant Tamil Nadu Act under 9th Schedule of the constitution
77th amendment	17-Jun-95	A technical amendment to protect reservation to SC/ST Employees in promotions
78th amendment	30-Aug-95	Place land reform acts and amendments to these act under Schedule 9 of the constitution
79th amendment	25-Jan-00	Extend reservation for SC / ST and nomination of Anglo Indian members in Parliament and State Assemblies for another ten years i.e. up to 2010
80th amendment	9-Jun-00	Implement Tenth Finance Commission recommendation to simplify the tax structures by pooling and sharing all taxes between states and The Centre
81th amendment	9-Jun-00	Protect SC / ST reservation in filling backlog of vacancies
82nd amendment	8-Sep-00	Permit relaxation of qualifying marks and other criteria in reservation in promotion for SC / ST candidates
83rd amendment	8-Sep-00	Exempt Arunachal Pradesh from reservation for Scheduled Castes in Panchayati Raj institutions
84th amendment	21-Feb-02	Extend the usage of 1971 national census population figures for state wise distribution of parliamentary seats
85th amendment	4-Jan-02	A technical amendment to protect seniority in case of promotions of SC/ST Employees
86th amendment	12-Dec-02	Provides Right to Education until the age of fourteen and Early childhood care until the age of six
87th amendment	22-Jun-03	Extend the usage of 1971 national census population figures for state wise distribution of parliamentary seats
88th amendment	15-Jan-04	To extend statutory cover for levy and utilization of Service Tax
89th amendment	28-Sep-03	The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was bifurcated into The National Commission for Scheduled Castes and The National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
90th amendment	28-Sep-03	Reservation in Assam Assembly relating to Bodoland Territory Area
91th amendment	1-Jan-04	Restrict the size of council of ministers to 15 % of legislative members & to strengthen Anti Defection laws
92nd amendment	7-Jan-04	Enable Levy of Service Tax
		Include Bodo, Dogri, Santali and Maithili as National Languages
93rd amendment	20-Jan-06	To enable provision of reservation for other backward classes (O.B.C.) in government as well as private educational institutions
94th amendment	12-Jun-06	To provide for a Minister of Tribal Welfare in newly created Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh States
95th amendment	25-Jan-10	Extended the reservation of seats in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for SC and ST from sixty to seventy years
96th amendment	23-Sep-11	Substituted "Odia" for "Oriya"
97th amendment	12-Jan-12	Added the words "or co-operative societies" in Article 19(l)(c) and inserted article 43B i.e, Promotion of Co-operative Societies and added Part-IXB i.e, THE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES

List of High courts and their chief justices

Sno	Court name	Established	Act established	Jurisdiction	Seat	Benches	Jud.	Chief Justice
1	Allahabad High Court	1866-06-11	High Courts Act, 1861	Uttar Pradesh	Allahabad	Lucknow	95	Hon'ble Shri Shiv Kriti Singh
2	Andhra Pradesh High Court	7/5/1954	Andhra State Act, 1953	Andhra Pradesh	Hyderabad		39	Hon'ble The Chief Justice P.C. Ghose
3	Bombay High Court	1862-08-14	High Courts Act, 1861	Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu	Mumbai	Nagpur, Panaji, Aurangabad	60	Hon'ble Shri Justice Mohit Shah
4	Calcutta High Court	14 August 1862	High Courts Act, 1861	West Bengal, Andaman and Nicobar Islands	Kolkata	Port Blair (circuit bench)	63	Hon'ble Shri Justice Arun Mishra
5	Chhattisgarh High Court	1/11/2000	Madhya Pradesh Re-organisation Act, 2000	Chhattisgarh	Bilaspur		12	Hon'ble Shri Justice Yatindra Singh
6	Delhi High Court	10/31/1966	Delhi High Court Act, 1966	National Capital Territory of Delhi	New Delhi		43	Hon'ble Shri Justice D. Murugesan
7	Gauhati High Court	3/1/1948	Government of India Act, 1935	Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram	Guwahati	Kohima, Aizwal, Itanagar	27	Hon'ble Shri Justice A K Goel
8	Gujarat High Court	5/1/1960	Bombay Reorgansisation Act, 1960	Gujarat	Ahmedabad		42	Hon'ble Shri Chief Justice Bhaskar Bhattacharya
9	Himachal Pradesh High Court	1971	State of Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970	Himachal Pradesh	Shimla		9	Hon'ble Mr. Justice Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar
10	Jammu and Kashmir High Court	8/28/1943	Letters Patent issued by the Maharaja of Kashmir	Jammu & Kashmir	Srinagar & Jammu		14	Hon'ble Shri Justice Mahesh Mittal Kumar
11	Jharkhand High Court	11/15/2000	Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000	Jharkhand	Ranchi		12	Hon'ble Shri Justice Prakash Tatia
12	Karnataka High Court	1884	Mysore High Court Act, 1884	Karnataka	Bengaluru	Circuit Benches at Hubli-Dharwad & Gulbarga	40	Hon'ble Shri Chief Justice D.H.Waghela
13	Kerala High Court	1956	States Reorganisation Act, 1956	Kerala, Lakshadweep	Ernakulam		40	Hon'ble Smt Justice Manjula Chellur
14	Madhya Pradesh High Court	1/2/1936	Government of India Act, 1935	Madhya Pradesh	Jabalpur	Gwalior, Indore	42	Hon'ble Shri Justice Sharad Arvind Bobade
15	Madras High Court	1862-08-15	High Courts Act, 1861	Tamil Nadu, Puducherry	Chennai	Madurai	47	Hon'ble Thiru. Justice Rajesh Kumar Agrawal
16	Manipur High Court	3/25/2013	North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) and Other Related Laws (Amendment) Act, 2012	Manipur,	Imphal		3	Hon'ble Shri Justice Laxmi Kanta Mohapatra
17	Meghalaya High Court	3/25/2013	North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) and Other Related Laws (Amendment) Act, 2012	Meghalaya,	Shillong		3	Hon'ble Shri Justice T. Meena Kumari
18	Orissa High Court	4/3/1948	Orissa High Court Order, 1948	Odisha	Cuttack		27	Hon'ble Shri Justice Adarsh Kumar Goel
19	Patna High Court	9/2/1916	Government of India Act, 1915	Bihar	Patna		43	Hon'ble Ms Justice Rekha Doshit
20	Punjab and Haryana High Court	11/8/1947	High Court (Punjab) Order, 1947	Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh	Chandigarh		53	Hon'ble Shri Justice Sanjay Kishan Kaul
21	Rajasthan High Court	6/21/1949	Rajasthan High Court Ordinance, 1949	Rajasthan	Jodhpur	Jaipur	40	Hon'ble Shri Justice Amitava Roy
22	Sikkim High Court	1975	The 38th amendment to the Constitution of India	Sikkim	Gangtok		3	Hon'ble Shri Acting Chief Justice Sonam Phintso Wangdi
23	Tripura High Court	3/26/2013	North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) and Other Related Laws (Amendment) Act, 2012	Tripura	Agartala		4	Hon'ble Chief Justice Laxmi Kanta Mohapatra
24	Uttarakhand High Court	11/9/2000	Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000	Uttarakhand	Nainital		9	Hon'ble Shri Justice Barin Ghosh

List of Nobel Prize winners in Literature

           On 27 November 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will and testament, giving the largest share of his fortune to a series of prizes, the Nobel Prizes. As described in Nobel's will one part was dedicated to “the person who shall have produced in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction”. 

          106 Nobel Prizes in Literature have been awarded since 1901. It was not awarded on seven occasions: in 1914, 1918, 1935, 1940, 1941, 1942, and 1943.Why were the Literature Prizes not awarded in those years? In the statutes of the Nobel Foundation it says: "If none of the works under consideration is found to be of the importance indicated in the first paragraph, the prize money shall be reserved until the following year. If, even then, the prize cannot be awarded, the amount shall be added to the Foundation's restricted funds." During World War I and II, fewer Nobel Prizes were awarded.

List of all Nobel Peace Prizes awarded

The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded 94 times to 126 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2013, 101 individuals and 25 organizations. Since the International Committee of the Red Cross has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize three times (in 1917, 1944 and 1963), and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize two times (in 1954 and 1981), there are 22 individual organizations which have been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize

Year	Awardee	Country	Given for
1901	Henry Dunant	Switzerland	For his role in founding the International Committee of the Red Cross
1901	Frédéric Passy	France	"[For] being one of the main founders of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and also the main organizer of the first Universal Peace Congress"
1902	Élie Ducommun	Switzerland	"[For his role as] the first honorary secretary of the International Peace Bureau"
1902	Charles Albert Gobat		"[For his role as the] first Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"
1903	William Randal Cremer	United Kingdom	"[For his role as the] the 'first father' of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"
1904	Institute of International Law	Belgium	"[F]or its efforts as an unofficial body to formulate the general principles of the science of international law"
1905	Bertha von Suttner	Austria-Hungary	For authoring Lay Down Your Arms and contributing to the creation of the Prize
1906	Theodore Roosevelt	United States	" his successful mediation to end the Russo-Japanese war and for his interest in arbitration, having provided the Hague arbitration court with its very first case"
1907	Ernesto Teodoro Moneta	Italy	"[For his work as a] key leader of the Italian peace movement"
1907	Louis Renault	France	"[For his work as a] leading French international jurist and a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague"
1908	Klas Pontus Arnoldson	Sweden	"[For his work as] founder of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration League"
1908	Fredrik Bajer	Denmark	"[For being] the foremost peace advocate in Scandinavia, combining work in the Inter-Parliamentary Union with being the first president of the International Peace Bureau"
1909	Auguste Beernaert	Belgium	"[For being a] representative to the two Hague conferences, and a leading figure in the Inter-Parliamentary Union"
1909	Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant	France	"[For] combined diplomatic work for Franco-German and Franco-British understanding with a distinguished career in international arbitration"
1910	Permanent International Peace Bureau	Switzerland	"[For acting] as a link between the peace societies of the various countries"
1911	Tobias Asser	Netherlands	"[For being a] member of the Court of Arbitration as well as the initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law"
1911	Alfred Fried	Austria-Hungary	"[For his work as] founder of the German Peace Society"
1912	Elihu Root	United States	"[F]or his strong interest in international arbitration and for his plan for a world court"
1913	Henri La Fontaine	Belgium	"[For his work as] head of the International Peace Bureau"
1914
1915
1916
1917	International Committee of the Red Cross	Switzerland	"[For undertaking] the tremendous task of trying to protect the rights of the many prisoners of war on all sides [of World War I], including their right to establish contacts with their families"
1918
1919	Woodrow Wilson	United States	"[F]or his crucial role in establishing the League"
1920	Léon Bourgeois	France	"[For his participation] in both the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907" and for his work towards "what became the League to such an extent that he was frequently called its 'spiritual father'"
1921	Hjalmar Branting	Sweden	"[F]or his work in the League of Nations"
1921	Christian Lange	Norway	"[For his work as] the first secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee" and "the secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"
1922	Fridtjof Nansen	Norway	"[For] his work in aiding the millions in Russia struggling against famine" and "his work for the refugees in Asia Minor and Thrace"
1923
1924
1925	Austen Chamberlain	United Kingdom	For work on the Locarno Treaties
1925	Charles G. Dawes	United States	"[F]or [work on] the Dawes Plan for German reparations which was seen as having provided the economic underpinning of the Locarno Pact of 1925"
1926	Aristide Briand	France	For work on the Locarno Treaties
1926	Gustav Stresemann	Germany
1927	Ferdinand Buisson	France	"[For] contributions to Franco-German popular reconciliation"
1927	Ludwig Quidde	Germany
1928
1929	Frank B. Kellogg	United States	"[F]or the Kellogg-Briand pact, whose signatories agreed to settle all conflicts by peaceful means and renounced war as an instrument of national policy"
1930	Nathan Söderblom	Sweden	"[F]or his efforts to involve the churches not only in work for ecumenical unity, but also for world peace"
1931	Jane Addams	United States	"[F]or her social reform work" and "leading the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"
1931	Nicholas Murray Butler		"[For his promotion] of the Briand-Kellogg pact" and for his work as the "leader of the more establishment-oriented part of the American peace movement"
1932
1933	Norman Angell	United Kingdom	For authoring The Great Illusion and for being a "supporter of the League of Nations as well as an influential publicist [and] educator for peace in general"
1934	Arthur Henderson	United Kingdom	"[F]or his work for the League, particularly its efforts in disarmament"
1935	Carl von Ossietzky	Germany	"[For his] struggle against Germany's rearmament"
1936	Carlos Saavedra Lamas	Argentina	"[F]or his mediation of an end to the Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia"
1937	Robert Cecil	United Kingdom	For his work with the League of Nations
1938	Nansen International Office for Refugees	League of Nations	For its work in aiding refugees
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944	International Committee of the Red Cross	Switzerland	"[F]or the great work it has performed during the war in behalf of humanity"
1945	Cordell Hull	United States	"[For] his fight against isolationism at home, his efforts to create a peace bloc of states on the American continents, and his work for the United Nations Organization"
1946	Emily Greene Balch	United States	"Formerly Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"
1946	John Raleigh Mott		"Chairman, International Missionary Council; President, World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations"
1947	Friends Service Council	United Kingdom	"compassion for others and the desire to help them"
1947	American Friends Service Committee	United States
1948
1949	The Lord Boyd-Orr	United Kingdom	"Physician; Alimentary Politician; Prominent organizer and Director, General Food and Agricultural Organization; President, National Peace Council and World Union of Peace Organizations"
1950	Ralph Bunche	United States	"Professor, Harvard University Cambridge, MA; Director, division of Trusteeship, U.N.; Acting Mediator in Palestine, 1948"
1951	Léon Jouhaux	France	"President of the International Committee of the European Council, vice president of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, vice president of the World Federation of Trade Unions, member of the ILO Council, delegate to the United Nations"
1952	Albert Schweitzer	France	"Missionary surgeon; Founder of Lambaréné (République de Gabon)"
1953	George Catlett Marshall	United States	"General President American Red Cross; Former Secretary of State and of Defense; Delegate U.N.; Originator of [the] 'Marshall Plan'"
1954	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	United Nations	"An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951"
1955
1956
1957	Lester Bowles Pearson	Canada	"former Secretary of State for External Affairs of Canada; former President of the 7th Session of the United Nations General Assembly";["for his role in trying to end the Suez conflict and to solve the Middle East question through the United Nations."
1958	Georges Pire	Belgium	"Father in the Dominican Order; Leader of the relief organization for refugees "L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde""
1959	Philip J. Noel-Baker	United Kingdom	"Member of Parliament; lifelong ardent worker for international peace and co-operation"
1960	Albert Lutuli	South Africa	"President of the African National Congress," "was in the very forefront of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa."
1961	Dag Hammarskjöld	Sweden	"Secretary General of the U.N.," awarded "for strengthening the organization."
1962	Linus Carl Pauling	United States	"for his campaign against nuclear weapons testing"
1963	International Committee of the Red Cross	Switzerland	For their work in the protection of human rights in the ICRC's 100 years of existence.
1963	League of Red Cross Societies
1964	Martin Luther King, Jr.	United States	Campaigner for civil rights, "first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence."
1965	United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)	United Nations	"An international aid organization."
1966
1967
1968	René Cassin	France	"President of the European Court for Human Rights"
1969	International Labour Organization	United Nations
1970	Norman E. Borlaug	United States	"International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center;" "for his contributions to the "green revolution" that was having such an impact on food production particularly in Asia and in Latin America."
1971	Willy Brandt	West Germany	"Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; for West Germany's Ostpolitik"
1972
1973	Henry Kissinger	United States	"For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam war and a withdrawal of the American forces"
1973	Le Duc Tho	North Vietnam
1974	Seán MacBride	Ireland	"President of the International Peace Bureau; President of the Commission of Namibia.""For his strong interest in human rights: piloting the European Convention on Human Rights through the Council of Europe, helping found and then lead Amnesty International and serving as secretary-general of the International Commission of Jurists"
1974	Eisaku Satō	Japan	"Prime Minister of Japan," "for his renunciation of the nuclear option for Japan and his efforts to further regional reconciliation"
1975	Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov	Soviet Union	"[for his] struggle for human rights, for disarmament, and for cooperation between all nations"
1976	Betty Williams	United Kingdom/Ireland	"Founder[s] of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)"
1976	Mairead Corrigan
1977	Amnesty International	United Kingdom	"[for] protecting the human rights of prisoners of conscience"
1978	Mohamed Anwar Al-Sadat	Egypt	"for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel"
1978	Menachem Begin	Israel
1979	Mother Teresa	India	"Founder of Missionaries of Charity"
1980	Adolfo Pérez Esquivel	Argentina	"Human rights leader;" "founded non-violent human rights organizations to fight the military junta that was ruling his country (Argentina)."
1981	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	United Nations	"An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951"
1982	Alva Myrdal	Sweden	"[for] their magnificent work in the disarmament negotiations of the United Nations, where they have both played crucial roles and won international recognition"
1982	Alfonso García Robles	Mexico
1983	Lech Wałęsa	Poland	"Founder of Solidarność; campaigner for human rights"
1984	Desmond Tutu	South Africa	"Bishop of Johannesburg; former Secretary General, South African Council of Churches"
1985	International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War	United States	For "authoritative information and by creating an awareness of the catastrophic consequences of atomic warfare. The committee believes that this in turn contributes to an increase in the pressure of public opposition to the proliferation of atomic weapons and to a redefining of priorities, with greater attention being paid to health and other humanitarian issues."
1986	Elie Wiesel	United States	"Chairman of "The President's Commission on the Holocaust""
1987	Óscar Arias	Costa Rica	"for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year"
1988	United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces	United Nations	"[for] their efforts [that] have made important contributions towards the realization of one of the fundamental tenets of the United Nations"
1988	14th Dalai Lama		In his struggle for the liberation of Tibet [he] consistently has opposed the use of violence. He has instead advocated peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people.
1990	Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev	Soviet Union	President of the Soviet Union, "for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community"
1991	Aung San Suu Kyi	Burma	"for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights"
1992	Rigoberta Menchú	Guatemala	"for her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples"
1993	Nelson Mandela	South Africa	"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa"
1993	Frederik Willem de Klerk
1994	Yasser Arafat	Palestine	"to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East."
1994	Yitzhak Rabin	Israel
1994	Shimon Peres
1995	Joseph Rotblat	United Kingdom	"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"
1995	Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs	Canada
1996	Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo	East Timor	"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor."
1996	José Ramos-Horta
1997	International Campaign to Ban Landmines	Switzerland	"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines"
1997	Jody Williams	United States
1998	John Hume	Ireland	"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland"
1998	David Trimble	United Kingdom
1999	Médecins Sans Frontières	Switzerland	"in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents"
2000	Kim Dae-jung	South Korea	"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular"
2001	United Nations	United Nations	"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world"
2001	Kofi Annan	Ghana
2002	Jimmy Carter	United States	"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"
2003	Shirin Ebadi	Iran	"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children."
2004	Wangari Muta Maathai	Kenya	"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"
2005	International Atomic Energy Agency	United Nations	"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way"
2005	Mohamed ElBaradei	Egypt
2006	Muhammad Yunus	Bangladesh	"for advancing economic and social opportunities for the poor, especially women, through their pioneering microcredit work"
2006	Grameen Bank
2007	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change	United Nations	"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"
2007	Al Gore	United States
2008	Martti Ahtisaari	Finland	"for his efforts on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts"
2009	Barack Obama	United States	"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."
2010	Liu Xiaobo	China	"for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China"
2011	Ellen Johnson Sirleaf	Liberia	"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"
2011	Leymah Gbowee
2011	Tawakkul Karman	Yemen
2012	European Union (EU)	Europe	"for [having] over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe."
2013	Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons	International	"for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons."

List of Vice Presidents of India

No	Name of Vice President	From	to	President at that time
1	Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan(1888-1975	13-May-52	12-May-62	Dr. Rajendra Prasad
2	Dr. Zakir Hussain(1897-1969)	13-May-62	12-May-67	Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
3	Sh. Varahagiri Venkata Giri(1894-1980)	13-May-67	3-May-69	Dr. Zakir Hussain
4	Gopal Swarup Pathak(1896-1982)	31-Aug-69	30-Aug-74	Sh. Varahagiri Venkata Giri
5	Basappa Danappa Jatti(1912-2002)	31-Aug-74	30-Aug-79	Dr. Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
6	Justice Muhammad Hidayatullah(1905-1992)	31-Aug-79	30-Aug-84	Shri Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
7	Ramaswamy Venkataraman(1910-2009)	31-Aug-84	24-Jul-87	Giani Zail Singh
8	Shankar Dayal Sharma(1918-1999)	3-Sep-87	24-Jul-92	Ramaswamy Venkataraman
9	Kocheril Raman Narayanan(1920-2005)	21-Aug-92	24-Jul-97	Shankar Dayal Sharma
10	Krishan Kant(1927-2002)	21-Aug-97	27-Jul-02	Kocheril Raman Narayanan
11	Bhairon Singh Shekhawat	19-Aug-02	21-Jul-07	A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

List of India Loksabha Speakers

Sno	Name of the Speakers	Term from	Term to	Total years	Which Loksabha	Party Beelongs to
1	Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar	15-May-52	27-Feb-56	3 years, 288 days	1st	Indian National Congress
2	M. A. Ayyangar	8-Mar-56	10-May-57	1 year, 63 days	1st	Indian National Congress
	M. A. Ayyangar	11-May-57	16-Apr-62	4 years, 340 days	2nd	Indian National Congress
3	Sardar Hukam Singh	17-Apr-62	16-Mar-67	4 years, 333 days	3rd	Indian National Congress
4	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy	17-Mar-67	19-Jul-69	2 years, 124 days	4th	Indian National Congress
5	Gurdial Singh Dhillon	8-Aug-69	19-Mar-71	1 year, 221 days	4th	Indian National Congress
	Gurdial Singh Dhillon	22-Mar-71	1-Dec-75	4 years, 254 days		Indian National Congress
6	Bali Ram Bhagat	15-Jan-76	25-Mar-77	1 year, 69 days	5th	Indian National Congress
-4	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy	26-Mar-77	13-Jul-77	0 years, 109 days	6th	Janata Party
7	K. S. Hegde	21-Jul-77	21-Jan-80	2 years, 184 days	6th	Janata Party
8	Balram Jakhar	22-Jan-80	15-Jan-85	4 years, 359 days	7th	Indian National Congress
	Balram Jakhar	16-Jan-85	18-Dec-89	4 years, 336 days	8th	Indian National Congress
9	Rabi Ray	19-Dec-89	9-Jul-91	1 year, 202 days	9th	Janata Dal
10	Shivraj Patil	10-Jul-91	22-May-96	4 years, 317 days	10th	Indian National Congress
11	P. A. Sangma	23-May-96	23-Mar-98	1 year, 304 days	11th	Indian National Congress
12	G. M. C. Balayogi	24-Mar-98	20-Oct-99	1 year, 210 days	12th	Telugu Desam Party
	G. M. C. Balayogi	22-Oct-99	3-Mar-02	2 years, 132 days	13th	Telugu Desam Party
13	Manohar Joshi	10-May-02	2-Jun-04	2 years, 23 days	13th	Shiv Sena
14	Somnath Chatterjee	4-Jun-04	30-May-09	4 years, 360 days	14th	Communist Party of India (Marxist)
15	Meira Kumar	30-May-09	Incumbent	4 years, 224 days	15th	Indian National Congress

Functions and roles of RBI

• Monetary Authority
• Issuer of Currency
• Banker and Debt Manager to Government
• Banker to Banks
• Regulator of the Banking System
• Manager of Foreign Exchange
• Maintaining Financial Stability
• Regulator and Supervisor of the Payment
• and Settlement Systems
• Developmental Role

List off National Banks and their Head Qaurters

S.No	Nationalised Banks	Head Office
1	Allahabad Bank	calcutta
2	Bank of Baroda	Mumbai
3	Bank of Maharashtra	Pune
4	Central Bank of India	Mumbai
5	Dena Bank	Mumbai
6	Indian Overseas Bank	Chennai
7	Punjab National Bank	New Delhi
8	Union Bank of India	Mumbai
9	Punjab & Sind Bank	New Delhi
10	Vijaya Bank	Banglore
11	Andhra Bank	Hyderabad
12	Bank of India	Mumbai
13	Canara Bank	Banglore
14	Corporation Bank	Manglore
15	Indian Bank	Chennai
16	Oriental Bank of Commerce	New Delhi
17	Syndicate Bank	Manipal
18	United Bank of India	Calcutta
19	UCO Bank	Calcutta

What is Human Development Index ?

human development index (HDI)

  

Global index utilize to rank the development of countries by examining the achievements of the inhabitants of the country. The index factors in three important elements: standard of living, life expectancy, and literacy level. The index is not 100% accurate in its determinations due to inconsistencies and lack of data in certain parts of the world. The index was established in 1990 by the United Nations.

List of Cabinet Minister of India as on 08-01-2013

S.No.	Name	Portfolio
1	Dr. Manmohan Singh	Prime Minister and also in-charge of the Ministries
		(i) Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions;
		(ii) Ministry of Planning;
		(ii) Department of Atomic Energy; and
		(iv) Department of Space.
2	Shri A.K. Antony	Minister of Defence.
3	Shri Sharad Pawar	Minister of Agriculture, and Minister of Food Processing Industries.
4	Shri P. Chidambaram	Minister of Finance.
5	Shri Ghulam Nabi Azad	Minister of Health and Family Welfare.
6	Shri Sushilkumar Shinde	Minister of Home Affairs.
7	Shri M. Veerappa Moily	Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas, and Minister of Environment and Forests.
8	Dr. Farooq Abdullah	Minister of New and Renewable Energy.
9	Shri S. Jaipal Reddy	Minister of Science and Technology, and
		Minister of Earth Sciences.
10	Shri Kamal Nath	Minister of Urban Development, and
		Minister of Parliamentary Affairs.
11	Shri Ajit Singh	Minister of Civil Aviation.
12	Shri Vayalar Ravi	Minister of Overseas Indian Affairs.
13	Shri Mallikarjun Kharge	Minister of Railways.
14	Shri Oscar Fernandes	Minister of Road Transport and Highways, and Minister of Labour and Employment.
15	Shri Kapil Sibal	Minister of Communications and Information Technology, and Minister of Law and Justice.
16	Shri Anand Sharma	Minister of Commerce and Industry.
17	Kumari Selja	Minister of Social Justice and Empowerment.
18	Dr. Girija Vyas	Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation.
19	Shri G.K. Vasan	Minister of Shipping.
20	Shri Praful Patel	Minister of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises.
21	Shri Shriprakash Jaiswal	Minister of Coal.
22	Shri Salman Khurshid	Minister of External Affairs.
23	Shri V. Kishore Chandra Deo	Minister of Tribal Affairs, and
		Minister of Panchayati Raj.
24	Shri Beni Prasad Verma	Minister of Steel.
25	Shri Jairam Ramesh	Minister of Rural Development.
26	Shri K. Rahman Khan	Minister of Minority Affairs.
27	Shri Dinsha J. Patel	Minister of Mines.
28	Shri M.M. Pallam Raju	Minister of Human Resource Development.
29	Shri Harish Rawat	Minister of Water Resources.
30	Smt. Chandresh Kumari Katoch	Minister of Culture.
31	Dr. Kavuru Samba Siva Rao	Minister of Textiles.

List of Dada Bhai Phalke Cinema Awards and Awardees

Year	Name of the awardee	Award given for Role
1969	Devika Rani Chaudhuri Roerich	Actress
1970	B. N. Sircar	Producer
1971	Prithviraj Kapoor	Actor, Director, Producer(Awarded posthumously)
1972	Pankaj Mullick	Music Director
1973	Ruby Myers (Sulochana)	Actress
1974	Bommireddy Narasimha Reddy	Director
1975	Dhirendranath Ganguly	Actor, Director
1976	Kanan Devi	Actress
1977	Nitin Bose	Cinematographer, Director, Screenwriter
1978	Raichand Boral	Music Director, Director
1979	Sohrab Modi	Actor, Director, Producer
1980	Paidi Jairaj	Actor, Director
1981	Naushad Ali	Music Director
1982	L. V. Prasad	Actor, Director, Producer
1983	Durga Khote	Actress
1984	Satyajit Ray	Director
1985	V. Shantaram	Actor, Director, Producer
1986	Bommireddy Nagi Reddy	Producer
1987	Raj Kapoor	Actor, Director, Producer
1988	Ashok Kumar	Actor
1989	Lata Mangeshkar	Playback singer
1990	Akkineni Nageswara Rao	Actor
1991	Bhalji Pendharkar	Director, Producer, Screenwriter
1992	Bhupen Hazarika	Musician, singer, poet, filmmaker, lyricist
1993	Majrooh Sultanpuri	Lyricist
1994	Dilip Kumar	Actor
1995	Rajkumar	Actor, Singer
1996	Sivaji Ganesan	Actor
1997	Pradeep	Lyricist
1998	B. R. Chopra	Director, Producer
1999	Hrishikesh Mukherjee	Director
2000	Asha Bhosle	Playback Singer
2001	Yash Chopra	Director, Producer
2002	Dev Anand	Actor, Director, Producer
2003	Mrinal Sen	Director
2004	Adoor Gopalakrishnan	Director
2005	Shyam Benegal	Director
2006	Tapan Sinha	Director
2007	Manna Dey	Playback singer
2008	V. K. Murthy	Cinematographer
2009	D. Ramanaidu	Producer, Director
2010	K. Balachander	Director
2011	Soumitra Chatterjee	Actor
2012	Pran	Actor
2013	Gulzar	Lyricist
2014	shashi Kapoor	Actor
2015	Manoj Kumar	Actor
2016	K. Vishwanath	Actor

List of Indias Five Year Plans

S.No	Five year plan	Period
1	First Five Year Plan	1951-56
2	Second Five Year Plan	1956-61
3	Third Five Year Plan	1961-66
4	Fourth Five Year Plan	1969-74
5	Fifth Five Year Plan	1974-79
6	Sixth Five Year Plan	1980-85
7	Seventh Five Year Plan	1985-90
8	Eighth five Year Plan	1992-97
9	Ninth five Year Plan	1997-2002
10	Tenth Five Year Plan	2002-2007
11	eleventh Five Year Plan	2007-2012
12	Twelth five Year Plan	2012-2017

List of Indian Railway zones and Divisions with theit Head qaurters

S/No.	Name of the Railway Zone	Zonal Headquarter	Division
1	Central Railway	Mumbai	1) Mumbai
			2) Nagpur
			3) Bhusawal
			4) Pune
			5) Sholapur
2	Eastern Railway	Kolkata	1) Howrah-I
			2) Howrah-II
			3) Sealdah
			4) Malda
			5) Asansol
			6) Chitaranjan
3	East Central Railway	Hajipur	1) Danapur
			2) Mugalsarai
			3) Dhanbad
			4) Sonpur
			5) Samastipur
4	East Coast Railway	Bhubaneshwar	1) Khurda Road
			2) Waltair
			3) Sambhalpur
5	Northern Railway	Baroda House, New Delhi	1) Delhi-I
			2) Delhi-II
			3) Ambala
			4) Moradabad
			5) Lucknow
			6) Firozpur
6	North Central Railway	Allahabad	1) Allahabad
			2) Jhansi
			3) Agra
7	North Eastern Railway	Gorakhpur	1) Izzatnagar
			2) Lucknow
			3) Varanasi
8	North Frontier Railway	Maligaon, Guwahati	1) Katihar
			2) Alipurduar
			3) Rangiya
			4) Lumding
			5) Tinsukhia
9	North Western Railway	Jaipur	1) Jaipur
			2) Jodhpur
			3) Bikaner
			4) Ajmer
10	Southern Railway	Chennai	1) Chennai
			2) Madurai
			3) Palghat
			4) Trichy
			5) Trivendrum
11	South Central Railway	Secunderabad	1) Secunderabad
			2) Hyderabad
			3) Guntakal
			4) Vijaywada
			5) Nanded
12	South Eastern Railway	Garden Reach, Kolkata	1) Kharagpur
			2) Adra
			3) Chakradharpur
			4) Ranchi
			5) Shalimar
13	South East Central Railway	Bilaspur	1) Bilaspur
			2) Nagpur
			3) Raipur
14	South Western Railway	Hubli	1) Bangalore
			2) Mysore
			3) Hubli
			4) FA/F/YNK
15	Western Railway	Mumbai CST	1) BCT
			2) Vadodara
			3) Ahemdabad
			4) Ratlam
			5) Rajkot
			6) Bhavnagar
16	West Central Railway	Jabalpur	1) Jabalpur
			2) Bhopal
			3) Kota

Previous examination questions

1. The heqad quarters of Eastern zone of Indian Railways is located at ( NDA 2017)

a)Bhubaneswar b)Kolkata c) Hajipur d) Guwahati

Group of Five -G5 Nations

Sno	Name of the country Capital
1	India                            New Delhi
2	Brazil                          Brasilia
3	China                          Bejeing
4	Mexico                        Mexico city
5	South Africa               Pretoria,Bloemfontien,Capetown

List of ICC Twenty20 world Cups

Year	Host country	Final venue	Winner	Runnerup
2007	South Africa	Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa	India	Pakistan
2009	England	Lord's, London, England	Pakistan	Sri Lanka
2010	West Indies	Kensington Oval, Barbados	England	Australia
2012	Sri Lanka	R Premadasa Stadium, Colombo, Sri Lanka	West Indies	Sri Lanka

List of Cricket ICC world Cups

Year	Champion	Outcome	Runner up	Final Location/Ground	Host country
1975	West Indies	West Indies won by 17 runs	Australia	Lord's, London	England
1979	West Indies	West Indies won by 92 runs	England	Lord's, London	England
1983	India	India won by 43 runs	West Indies	Lord's, London	England
1987	Australia	Australia won by 7 runs	England	Eden Gardens, Kolkata, India	India, Pakistan
1992	Pakistan	Pakistan won by 22 runs	England	MCG, Melbourne, Australia	Australia, New Zealand
1996	Sri Lanka	Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets	Australia	Gaddafi Stadium, Lahore, Pakistan	India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
1999	Australia	Australia won by 8 wickets	Pakistan	Lord's, London	England, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, Netherlands
2003	Australia	Australia won by 125 runs	India	Wanderers, Johannesburg, South Africa	Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe
2007	Australia	Australia won by 53 runs	Sri Lanka	Kensington Oval, Bridgetown	West Indies
2011	India	India won by 6 wickets	Sri Lanka	Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai, India	Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka

List of Indian Comissions and organizations of India

Name of the Organization	established in	First Head	Present head
National Commission for Women (NCW)	1992	Ms. Jayanti Patnaik	Mrs. Mamta Sharma
National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)	1993	Justice Ranganath Misra	Justice K G Balakrishnan
National Commission for Minorities (NCM	1992	Justice Mohd. Sardar Ali Khan	Wajahat Habibullah - Chairman
National Commission for Scheduled Castes	2004	Suraj Bhan	P L Punia
Planning Commission of India	1950	Jawaharlal Nehru	Montek singh Ahluwalia
Finance Commission of India	1950	K. C. Neogy	Dr Y.V Reddy, Chairman
Election comission of India	1950	Sukumar Sen	V. S. Sampath, Chief Election Comissioner

Powers and Functions of Prime Minister of India

The Prime Minister occupies a unique position of power and prestige. His powers and functions are:
1. He prepares the list of the council of ministers. The president cannot drop any name from this list;
2. The Prime Minister distributes the work to the different ministers;
3. He can dismiss an erring minister;
4. He presides over the meetings of the Cabinet;
5. He supervises and co-ordinates the working of various departments;
6. He is the main spokesman of the ministry;
7. He is a link between the council of ministers and the President.
8. He advises the President on the issue of making appointments;
9. He advises the President to dissolve the Lok Sabha; and
10. He plays a leading role in making all policy statements as also the preparation of the annual budget.

Powers of President of India according to the constitution

India's president is the titular head of the state, enjoys certain powers and performs a variety of ceremonial functions.

 Executive powers :

The executive powers of the Indian union, under Article 53 of the constitution, vest in the president. The president has a right to be informed of all of the nation's affairs, enjoys powers to appoint and remove high constitutional authorities, including the prime minister and the council of ministers. All appointments of the judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts, the state governors, the attorney general, the comptroller and auditor general (CAG), and the chief commissioner and members of the election commission are made in his name.

 Legislative powers :

The budget session of parliament always begins with the president's address and if there is a deadlock in legislation process between the two houses of parliament, the president summons a joint session to break the impasse. Under the Indian constitution, the government needs prior presidential sanction before introducing legislation such as for creating a new state or changes in the boundary of existing states or even a change in its name. Also, legislation dealing with fundamental rights under the constitution require the president's consent, similar to money bills introduced in the Lok Sabha. Besides, all bills passed by parliament need the president's nod before becoming law.
The president also promulgates ordinances or emergent legislation during parliament's recess. The president also nominates members to both the houses.

However, his powers are limited to the extent that he can ask the council of ministers to reconsider a bill they have sent him for signing, such as invoking of Article 356. But if the council of ministers sends back the bill, the president has no choice but to accept it.

 Military powers :

The president is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces and all officers' appointments are made by him or her, including that of the chiefs. The country declares war in the name of the president and also concludes peace, all from the control and authority over parliament that the president enjoys.

  Diplomatic roles :

India's president has wide-ranging roles to play when it comes to diplomacy for maintaining relations with other countries. The country's ambassadors and high commissioners are his representatives in foreign land. He also receives the credentials of diplomatic representatives of foreign countries. The president also negotiates treaties and agreements with other nations prior to ratification by parliament.

 Judicial powers :

The president enjoys judicial powers, primarily to rectify judicial errors, grant pardons and reprieves from punishment. The president can also seek the opinion of the supreme court on legal and constitutional matters and on matters of national and people's interest.

  Financial roles :

The president causes the presentation of audit reports before parliament and is to receive the report of the finance commission and to act on its recommendations. The Contingency Fund of India is also at the president's disposal.

 Emergency powers :

Three kinds of emergencies are envisaged by the constitution. Under national emergency powers, the president can declare a state of emergency after satisfying that the country's security is at peril, either from external aggression or armed rebellion within. The national emergency is declared only after the prime minister and the cabinet recommends it in writing.

The state emergency is basically political emergency, resulting in president's rule or governor's rule, if there is a constitutional or law and order breakdown, under Article 356 of the constitution.

The financial emergency occurs when the financial stability of the country or any part of the country is seriously affected. The president can direct a state government to observe prudence in public expenditure. The financial emergency powers of the president have never been put to test ever in the last six decades.

Tennis 2013 Chennai Open

About	Details
Aircel Chennai Open	2013 ATP World Tour tennis tournament
Date	31st Dec 2013-Jan 6th 2014
Edition	18th Edition
Location	SDAT Tennis Stadium in Chennai, India.
Type of Court	Outdoor hard courts
Champions (single)	Janko Tipsarević(Serbia)
Champions (doubles)	Benoît Paire(France), Stanislas Wawrinka(switzerland)

List of India Presidents

Term	Name	Period	Political party
1	Rajendra Prasad	26-Jan-1950 to 13-May-1962	Indian National Congress
2	Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan	13-May-1962 to 13-May-1967	Independent
3	Zakir Hussain	13-May-1967 to 3-May-1969	Independent
3	Varahagiri Venkata Giri	3-May-1969 to 20-Jul-1969	Independent
3	Muhammad Hidayatullah	20-Jul-1969 to 24-Aug-1969	Independent
4	Varahagiri Venkata Giri	24-Aug-1969 to 24-Aug-1974	Independent
5	Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed	24-Aug-1974 to 11-Feb-1977	Indian National Congress
5	Basappa Danappa Jatti	11-Feb-1977 to 25-Jul-1977	Independent
6	Neelam Sanjiva Reddy	25-Jul-1977 to 25-Jul-1982	Janata Party
7	Giani Zail Singh	25-Jul-1982 to 25-Jul-1987	Indian National Congress
8	Ramaswamy Venkataraman	25-Jul-1987 to 25-Jul-1992	Indian National Congress
9	Shankar Dayal Sharma	25-Jul-1992 to 25-Jul-1997	Indian National Congress
10	Kocheril Raman Narayanan	25-Jul-1997 to 25-Jul-2002	Independent
11	A. P. J. Abdul Kalam	25-Jul-2002 to 25-Jul-2007	Independent
12	Pratibha Patil	25-Jul-2007 to 25-Jul-2012	Indian National Congress
13	Pranab Mukherjee	25-Jul-2012 to Till now	Indian National Congress

List of Prime Ministers of India

Name	Tenure	Party
Dr. Manmohan Singh	May 22, 2004 - till date	INC
Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee	March 19, 1998 - May 22, 2004	Bharatiya Janata Party
Shri Inder Kumar Gujral	April 21, 1997 - March 19, 1998	Janata Dal
Shri H. D. Deve Gowda	June 1, 1996 - April 21, 1997	Janata Dal
Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee	May 16, 1996 - June 1, 1996	Bharatiya Janata Party
Shri P. V. Narasimha Rao	June 21, 1991- May 16, 1996	Congress (I)
Shri Chandra Shekhar	November 10, 1990 - June 21, 1991	Janata Dal (S)
Shri Vishwanath Pratap Singh	December 2, 1989 - November 10, 1990	Janata Dal
Shri Rajiv Gandhi	October 31, 1984 - December 2, 1989	Congress (I)
Mrs. Indira Gandhi	January 14, 1980 - October 31, 1984	Congress (I)
Shri Charan Singh	July 28, 1979 - January 14, 1980	Janata Party
Shri Morarji Desai	March 24, 1977 - July 28, 1979	Janata Party
Mrs. Indira Gandhi	January 24, 1966 - March 24, 1977	Congress
Shri Gulzari Lal Nanda	January 11, 1966 - January 24, 1966	Congress
Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri	June 9, 1964 - January 11, 1966	Congress
Shri Gulzari Lal Nanda	May 27, 1964 - June 9, 1964	Congress
Shri Jawaharlal Nehru	August 15, 1947 - May 27, 1964	Congress

List of Major dams in India

S.no	Name of the dam	Location	River
1	Nagarjuna sagar dam	Andhra Pradesh	Krishna
2	Srisailam Dam	Andhra Pradesh	Krishna
3	Pulichintala	Andhra Pradesh	Krishna
4	Sriram sagar Project	Andhra Pradesh	Godavari
5	Sardar sarovar Dam	Gujarat	Narmada
6	Dharoi dam	Gujarat	Narmada
7	Bhakranangal Dam	Himachal Pradesh	Sutlej
8	Maha Rana Pratap dam	Himachal Pradesh	Beas
9	Pandoh Dam	Himachal Pradesh	Beas
10	Ranjit Sagar(Thein) dam	Himachal Pradesh	Ravi
11	Baglihar dam	Jammu & Kashmir	chenab
12	Maithon dam	Jharkand	Barakar
13	Almatti Dam	Karnataka	Krishna
14	Tungabadhra Dam	Karnataka	Tunga badra
15	Hirakud	Odisha	Mahanadi
16	Mulla Periyar Dam	Kerala	Periyar
17	Bansagar Dam	Madhya Pradesh	Son
18	Mettur Dam	Tamil nadu	Kaveri
19	Tehri dam	Uttarakhand	Bhagirathi
20	Maithon Dam	West Bengal	Damodar

Conservation of Biodiversity

Life has existed on Earth for over 3.5 billion years. Over 95% of the species that ever existed have gone extinct. So why should we be concerned about current extinction rates and conserving biodiversity?

Figure 1: "Pando" is a giant aspen clone in the Fish Lake National Forest, Utah.

"Pando" is one of the world’s largest organisms, weighing 13 million pounds and covering 106 acres. (Courtesy of Jeffry Mitton)

Currently the planet is inhabited by several million species in about 100 different phyla (Dirzo & Raven 2003). About 1.8 million have been described by scientists (Hilton-Taylor et al. 2008), but conservative estimates suggest that there are 5–15 million species alive today (May, 2000), since many groups of organisms remain poorly studied. Over 15,000 new species are described each year (Dirzo & Raven 2003), and new species are evolving during our lifetimes. However, modern extinction rates are high, at 100 to 1000 times greater than background extinction rates calculated over the eras (Hambler 2004). Although new species appear, existing species go extinct at a rate 1000 times that of species formation (Wilson 2003). Many biologists agree that we are in the midst of a mass extinction, a time when 75% or more of species are lost over a short geological time scale (Raup 1994). The last great mass extinction was 65 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous, when the dinosaurs went extinct. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature estimates that 22% of known mammals, 32% of amphibians, 14% of birds, and 32% of gymnosperms (all well-studied groups) are threatened with extinction (Hilton-Taylor et al. 2008). Species that were abundant within the last 200 years have gone extinct. For example, passenger pigeons, which numbered three to five billion in the mid 1800s (Ellsworth & McComb 2003), are now extinct.

Why should we be concerned about this loss of biodiversity? The answer lies in the fact that, for the first time in Earth’s history, a single species, Homo sapiens, could cause a mass extinction, precipitating its own demise. The primary cause of today’s loss of biodiversity is habitat alteration caused by human activities.

Let’s think about the meaning of biodiversity. Most people understand that biodiversity includes the great heterogeneous assemblage of living organisms. This aspect of biodiversity is also known as "species diversity." Biodiversity includes two other components as well- genetic diversity and ecosystem diversity.

Species diversity

Figure 2: Over 15,000 new species are described each year.

This newly described gecko from Ecuador fits on the head of a pencil (Courtesy of Paul S. Hamilton/RAEI.org).

The 1.8 million species described by science are incredibly diverse. They range from tiny, single-celled microbes like Nanoarchaeum equitans, 400 nm in diameter living as parasites on other microbes in thermal vents at temperatures of 70–98°C (Huber et al. 2002), to giant organisms like Sequoias, blue whales, the "humungous fungus," and "Pando" (Figure 1). "Pando" is the name given to a clonal stand of aspen trees, all genetically identical and attached to each other by the roots (Grant et al. 1992). The stand covers 106 acres and weighs 13 million pounds. The "humungous fungus," a giant individual of the species Armillaria oysterae is found in the state of Oregon, and covers 1,500 acres (USDA Forest Service 2003).
While people are generally most familiar with multicellular organisms such as plants and animals, these organisms form only small branches on the tree of life. The greatest metabolic diversity is found among the prokaryotic organisms of the Eubacteria and Archaea. Although some of these microbes use oxygen for respiration, or photosynthesize like plants, others have the extraordinary ability to derive energy from inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide or ammonia, and they use carbon dioxide as their only source of carbon for producing organic molecules. Organisms that we consider extremophiles can survive in saturated salt concentrations (36% compared to approximately 3% for seawater), or in superheated water in deep-sea vents and geysers.

Because people have ventured to all parts of the globe, one might expect that the new species being discovered each year would be microscopic organisms that can only be distinguished at the metabolic level. While it is true that most new species identified are insects, microbes and fungi, we are still discovering new vertebrates (Figure 2), even sizable new vertebrates such as a new species of baleen whale and a clouded leopard. Since 2000, 53 new species of primates have been described (IUCN 2008) including a new species of Brazilian monkey, Mura’s saddleback tamarin.

Genetic Diversity

Genes are responsible for the traits exhibited by organisms and, as populations of species decrease in size or go extinct, unique genetic variants are lost. Since genes reside within species, why should we consider genetic diversity as a separate category? Because they hold "genetic potential." For example, many of the crops that we grow for food are grown in monocultures of genetically homogeneous individuals. Because all individuals are the same, a disease, insect pest, or environmental change that can kill one individual can extirpate an entire crop. Most of our high-yield varieties show significant reductions in yield within about 5 years, as pests overcome the crops’ natural defenses. Plant breeders look to wild plant relatives and to locally grown landraces to find new genetic varieties. They can then introduce these genes into crops to renew their vigor. However, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, 96% of the 7,098 US apple varieties cultivated prior to 1904, 95% of the US cabbage varieties, and 81% of tomato varieties, are extinct, and the genes that made these varieties unique are gone.

Genetic variation allows species to evolve in response to diseases, predators, parasites, pollution, and climate change. The Red Queen Hypothesis, named for Lewis Carroll’s character who runs continually in order to stay in the same place, states that organisms must continually evolve, or succumb to their predators and parasites that will continue to evolve.

In addition to traditional breeding, advances in genetic engineering have allowed scientists to introduce beneficial genes from one species to another. For example, diabetics used to depend on insulin from human cadavers, or from cows or pigs. Human insulin was expensive, and non-human insulin could cause allergic reactions. Now we can isolate the gene that codes for human insulin, insert it into bacterial cells, and let the bacteria produce large quantities of human insulin. Other notable feats in genetic engineering include the introduction of genes that enhance the nutritive value of food, create crop resistance to insect pests, induce sheep to produce a protein for treating cystic fibrosis disease, and alter bacteria so that they can clean up toxic mine wastes through their metabolic activities. Many other genetic manipulations are currently in development.

Ecosystem Diversity

Ecosystems include all the species, plus all the abiotic factors characteristic of a region. For example, a desert ecosystem has soil, temperature, rainfall patterns, and solar radiation that affect not only what species occur there, but the morphology, behavior, and the interactions among those species (Figure 3). When ecosystems are intact, biological processes are preserved. These processes include nutrient and water cycling, harvesting light through photosynthesis, energy flow through the food web, and patterns of plant succession over time. A conservation focus on preserving ecosystems not only saves large numbers of species (including non-charismatic species that do not receive public support) but also preserves the support systems that maintain life

Figure 3: Physical features of an ecosystem affect what species survive there.

(A) In sharp contrast to desert habitats, this lush spruce-fir forest near Berthoud Pass, in Colorado, receives an average of 38 inches of precipitation per year, largely in the form of snow. (B) The sandstone pinnacles of Goblin Valley, Utah occur in high desert in the San Rafael Swell. The area receives less than 8 inches of annual precipitation. (Courtesy of Jeffry Mitton)

Why Conserve Biodiversity?

From a selfish point of view, humans should be concerned about saving biodiversity because of the benefits it provides us–biological resources and ecosystem services. However, nature provides social and spiritual benefits as well.

Biological Resources

Figure 4: The tensile strength of spider silk provided inspiration for engineering a similar synthetic fabric.

This large female Argiope trifasciata spider has a male suitor, and dinner waiting in her silken web. (Courtesy of Jeffry Mitton)

Biological resources are those products that we harvest from nature. These resources fall into several categories: food, medicine, fibers, wood products, and more. For example, over 7,000 species of plants are used for food, although we rely heavily on only 12 major food crops. Most of the human population depends on plants for medicines. In the developed world, many of our medicines are chemicals produced by pharmaceutical companies, but the original formulas were often derived from plants. For example, opiate pain relievers are derived from poppies, aspirin is derived from willows, quinine for treating malaria comes from the Chinchona tree. The rosy periwinkle (Vinca rosea) and Pacific yew (Taxa brevifolia) both provide substances used in chemotherapy to inhibit the cell division of cancerous cells. Fibers for clothing, ropes, sacking, webbing, netting, and other materials are provided by a large number of plants, including cotton plants, flax plants (linen), hemp (cordage and sail canvas), Agave plants (sisal), Corchorus plants (jute), bamboo and palms. Trees provide the wood products used in making homes, furniture, and paper products.

In addition, living organisms provide inspiration for engineers seeking better and more efficient products. The field known as biomimicry is the study of natural products that provide solutions to human needs. For example, shark skin provided the model for hydrodynamic swimming suits. The glue used by Sandcastle worms (Phragmatopoma californica) to cement together their sand particle shells was the inspiration for a glue that mends fractured bones in the aqueous internal environment of the body. Finally, scientists are using the chemical nature of spider’s silk to design strong, lightweight fibers (Figure 4).

Ecosystem Services

Ecosystem services are processes provided by nature that support human life. These services include the decomposition of waste, pollination, water purification, moderation of floods, and renewal of soil fertility. Ecosystem processes are often overlooked, and are not generally valued as part of the economy until they cease to function. When economic value is assigned to these services, it is often startlingly high. For example, insect pollinators help produce many commercially important fruits such as almonds, melons, blueberries, and apples. The global economic value of pollination services performed by insects has been valued at $217 billion per year (Gallai et al. 2009).

How does a process like water purification work? Rain water is filtered by soil and by microbes that can break down nutrients and contaminants, and reduce metal ions, slowing their spread into the environment. Wetland and riparian plants absorb nitrogen, and trap sediments that decrease water quality.

Human construction and development disrupt natural environments, but most habitats have an extraordinary ability to recover when given the chance. This is because dormant seeds in the soil can germinate, stabilize the soil, and initiate successional events that restore vegetation which provides food and structure for other colonizing organisms. Native plants like fireweed can help revegetate an area after fire.

Social and Spiritual Benefits

Throughout most of human history, conservation has involved protecting nature for the spiritual gifts it provides, and protecting sacred places in the local landscape. Stories of indigenous people incorporate detailed knowledge of the animals and plants that make up their world. The heterogeneity of the world’s mythology, folk art, and folk dances show the effects of biodiversity on cultural development, and contribute to the richness of global arts and literature (Figure 5)

Figure 5: The costumes and stances of these dancers illustrate cultural differences in depicting birds through dance.

(A) Native American Kwakiutl ceremonial dancers from British Columbia (1914) (Edward S. Curtis, Edward S. Curtis Collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. digital. id. cph 3c08464). (B) Alicia Alonso of the Gran Tetro de la Habana as the Swan Queen in Swan Lake (1946).

Figure 6: People flock from around the world to see the bull elk bugling and displaying during mating season at Rocky Mountain National Park.

Courtesy of Jeffry Mitton.

Different cultures developed in different landscapes that influenced activities, occupations, diet, language, and architecture. Cultures adapted to local environmental challenges by growing local domestic crops, developing irrigation and terracing systems, hunting, fishing, and gathering. Biodiversity provides a sense of place. Countries and states have flagship animals and plants that are a source of pride and highlight the uniqueness of each habitat (Figure 6). Travel, which provides great pleasure to many people, is motivated by the desire to see this combination of cultural, landscape and biological diversity.

Ecotourism is travel with the desire to view, sustain, and support natural ecosystems and local cultures. Support from ecotourism can reduce habitat destruction, preserve species that suffer from poaching and illegal trade in the pet market, plus provide jobs for the local economy. For example, the Wasini Island Project in Kenya has been a major ecotourism success story. Coral reefs and mangrove forests were suffering degradation from development, agriculture, and from exploitation of reef species. Support from the Biodiversity Conservation Programme made it possible for the local community to build boardwalks and other features that facilitate viewing wildlife. Local people were trained as guides and in administration, and they now run a profitable ecotourism operation. Money from tourism helps the local economy, provides incentive to maintain the habitat, provides funds for the local health clinic, and scholarships for local students (Peopleandplanet.net 2009).

In recognition of the aesthetic value of nature, in 1892 the US Congress set aside the first national park "for the benefit and enjoyment of the people" (NPS 2010). Frederick Law Olmstead, who in the 1800s designed and managed park systems and urban parks such as Central Park in New York City, believed in the rejuvenating powers of nature. He felt that contemplating nature’s grandeur allowed man to put his life into perspective. In modern times, with increasing urbanization, people seek out local parks, open space and trails, and travel to national parks and wild places where they can enjoy nature. Birding, hiking, fishing, hunting, gardening, and other forms of recreation in nature are popular activities, and are economically important.

While modern arguments often focus on the anthropocentric value of biodiversity, nature writers such as Emerson, Thoreau, Leopold, Muir and many others emphasized the intrinsic values of biodiversity. As Henry David Thoreau said, "This curious world which we inhabit is more wonderful than it is convenient; more beautiful than it is useful; it is more to be admired and enjoyed than it is to be used" (1837).